ASE-气相色谱法测定油田区土壤中多种石油烃

采用气相色谱法测定油田区土壤中C_(10)～C_(40)的石油烃,通过优化加速溶剂萃取的条件,使方法在62 mg/L～3 100 mg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限为4.8 mg/kg。用该方法测定石油区短期、中期、长期油井污染土壤样品,5次测定结果的RSD为1.3%～5.2%,加标回收率为84.8%～98.5%,有证标准样品测定结果在可信区间内。     

煤与瓦斯共采在错层位巷道布置中的机理研究及应用构想

为了完善现有煤与瓦斯共采技术，创新煤与瓦斯共采方法，对错层位巷道布置下的煤与瓦斯共采系统展开研究，利用相似模拟试验，分析错层位巷道布置覆岩运动情况，预测其开采围岩裂隙发育和瓦斯运移形式，提出了创新煤与瓦斯共采技术构想。研究结果表明:采空区覆岩三带高度随接续工作面的增加而增大，相邻采空区垮落矸石压实区呈现“O-L-O”形变化，多个相邻采空区覆岩出现大“O”形圈裂隙带；相邻采空区内瓦斯可实现相互运移，大“O”形圈裂隙带内赋存大量瓦斯气体；研究提出了地面钻井抽采瓦斯、走向高位瓦斯抽采巷和外错尾巷穿层钻孔3种煤与瓦斯共采技术，比传统巷道布置情况下的煤与瓦斯共采技术在安全、经济等方面更具优势。     

加速溶剂同时萃取和净化-气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱测定土壤和沉积物中8种多溴联苯醚

建立了土壤和沉积物中8种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs,BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154、BDE-183和BDE-209)加速溶剂同时萃取和净化-气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱(ASE-GC-MS-MS)的分析方法。通过优化加速溶剂萃取与弗罗里硅土在线净化和串联质谱多反应监测模式的条件,较好地去除基质干扰,并提高了三重四极杆串联质谱定性的准确性及定量的灵敏性。该方法采用改进的色谱柱能同时分析包括高溴代联苯醚BDE-209在内的8种PBDEs,其浓度范围为1～100 ng/mL(BDE-209为10～1 000 ng/mL),线性良好,线性回归系数均大于0.997。方法检出限为0.004～0.1 ng/g,方法回收率为75%～110%,方法精密度为2.4%～15.6%。适于批量处理土壤和沉积物中含有多组分痕量PBDEs的样品。     

Reflections on the use of Bayesian belief networks for adaptive management

A broad range of tools are available for integrated water resource management (IWRM). In the EU research project NeWater, a hypothesis exists that IWRM cannot be realised unless current management regimes undergo a transition toward adaptive management (AM). This includes a structured process of learning, dealing with complexity, uncertainty etc. We assume that it is no longer enough for managers and tool researchers to understand the complexity and uncertainty of the outer natural system-the environment. It is just as important, to understand what goes on in the complex and uncertain participatory processes between the water managers, different stakeholders, authorities and researchers when a specific tool and process is used for environmental management. The paper revisits a case study carried out 2001-2004 where the tool Bayesian networks (BNs) was tested for groundwater management with full stakeholder involvement. With the participation of two researchers (the authors) and two water managers previously involved in the case study, a qualitative interview was prepared and carried out in June 2006. The aim of this ex-post evaluation was to capture and explore the water managers' experience with Bayesian belief networks when used for integrated and adaptive water management and provide a narrative approach for tool enhancement.     

垃圾焚烧烟气中HCl与消石灰的反应机理研究

测试了两种消石灰与垃圾焚烧烟气中HCl的反应率,得出了消石灰的反应率与反应时间的反应曲线,分析了消石灰与HCl的反应机理及影响消石灰最终反应率的因素。试验结果表明,消石灰与HCl反应初期按灰层扩散控制进行,两种消石灰的最终反应率分别为16％和36％。     

Hunting Increases Dispersal Limitation in the Tree Carapa procera, a Nontimber Forest Product

Abstract:  The sustainability of seed extraction from natural populations has been questioned recently. Increased recruitment failure under intense seed harvesting suggests that seed extraction intensifies source limitation. Nevertheless, areas where more seeds are collected tend to also have more intense hunting of seed-dispersing animals. We studied whether such hunting, by limiting disperser activity, could cause quantitative dispersal limitation, especially for large crops and for crops in years of high seed abundance. In each of four Carapa procera (Meliaceae) populations in French Guiana and Surinam, two with hunting and two without, we compared seed fate for individual trees varying in crop size in years of high and low population-level seed abundance. Carapa seeds are a nontimber forest product and depend on dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents for survival and seedling establishment. Hunting negatively affected the proportion of seeds dispersed and caused greater numbers of seeds to germinate or be infested by moths below parent trees, where they would likely die. Hunting of seed-dispersing animals disproportionally affected large seed crops, but we found no additional effect of population-level seed abundance on dispersal rates. Consistently lower rates of seed dispersal, especially for large seed crops, may translate to lower levels of seedling recruitment under hunting. Our results therefore suggest that the subsistence hunting that usually accompanies seed collection is at the cost of seed dispersal and may contribute to recruitment failure of these nontimber forest products. Seed extraction from natural populations may affect seedling recruitment less if accompanied by measures adequately incorporating and protecting seed dispersers.     

用海泡石处理采油废水

用海泡石吸附法处理采油废水，考察了处理时间、海泡石加入量和采油废水pH对采油废水COD去除率的影响，并通过正交实验优化了采油废水处理工艺条件。通过正交实验得到的采油废水处理最佳工艺条件为：处理时间6h，粒径为150μm的海泡石加入量200g／L，采油废水pH9。在该条件下处理采油废水，COD去除率达到91％，处理后出水的COD为34．71mg／L，小于GB8978-1996（（污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准（60mg／L）。     

中国集成电路制造行业VOCs排放特征及控制对策

中国电子信息产业发展迅速,集成电路等电子器件产量不断增加.在集成电路制造的过程中,大量有机溶剂的使用导致VOCs的产生和排放,从而对大气环境造成影响.为掌握集成电路制造行业VOCs的排放特征,系统分析了其工艺流程和产排污环节,分析了行业废气收集和治理现状,通过对典型企业VOCs的排放监测,获得VOCs排放水平;采用排放因子法核算行业VOCs历史排放量,并基于行业排放特征及减排潜力分析,提出了相应的污染防治对策.结果表明：在集成电路制造中,VOCs排放环节主要集中在光刻、清洗、去胶等过程,1 m²集成电路产量约使用87 g有机溶剂,VOCs产生量较大;通过采取高效的VOCs治理技术,集成电路制造行业有组织排放水平较低,平均浓度为2.1 mg·m^-3,但厂界无组织排放浓度相对较高,平均浓度为0.78 mg·m^-3,接近国家标准的排放限值.根据排放量核算结果,2011—2016年中国集成电路制造行业VOCs排放量呈逐年上升的趋势,主要受产量增加而相应污染控制技术水平提升有限的影响,无组织排放量比重大,占排放总量的38.1%~45.1%.     

基于腔衰减相移光谱法的二氧化氮分析仪的设计与应用

基于腔衰减相移光谱法设计了一套二氧化氮在线分析仪,通过优化测量参数,该仪器可长期稳定运行,其时间分辨率为60 s,检出限为0.191 ppb,在0~300 ppb范围内,NO₂气体浓度与相位正切信号值具有较好的二次拟合关系,R²为0.9995.另外,该仪器在泰安站进行了长期外场观测,并与改装后的进口商品化仪器PKU-Thermo 42i-TL进行比对实验,结果表明,两者的测量结果一致性较好,R²=0.9811,表明其具有良好的运行稳定性和测定结果准确性,适用于环境大气二氧化氮浓度的在线监测.外场观测结果表明,春季泰安站二氧化氮浓度均值为12.39 ppb,有明显日变化规律.     

深圳湾流域面源与截排溢流污染特征及其对水环境的影响

随着点源污染逐步得到有效控制,面源与截排溢流污染对水环境的胁迫日益突出。基于土地遥感数据、城市排水管网等资料,构建流域—海湾一体化水环境模型,探讨深圳湾流域面源与截排溢流污染特征及其对水环境的影响,研究表明：（1）雨季COD、NH₃-N和TP单位面积面源与截排溢流污染负荷分别为17.21 t/km²与10.21 t/km²、0.17 t/km²与0.69 t/km²、0.04 t/km²与0.07 t/km²;（2）面源与截排溢流污染时间上主要集中于大雨及以上等级降水较多的5月和8月,空间上主要分布在截排工程集中、下垫面面积较大且坡度较陡的深圳河、大沙河和新洲河流域;（3）面源与截排溢流水体COD、NH₃-N和TP浓度可达地表水V类标准的3.7倍、18.2倍和8.5倍;（4）雨季COD、NH₃-N和TP浓度高于旱季的区域分别超过深圳湾总面积的40%、60%和65%。